1- Sukun ( ْ— )
Whenever there is a sign of “Sukun” on a letter, a dash (-) will be written after the letter.
Example: عَـلَـیْـکُمْ = A’LAY-KUM
If sukun comes at the end of a word or a pharse, or at the position of stop, e.g. after the letter ‘م~m’ in the above example, this sign is not necessary, except in special cases, like the letter of Ayn (عْ) or Hamza (ء) under the sign of Sukun. Dash sign is used in some other cases, to help the reader in pronouncing the word better.
2- Tashdid/Shadda ( ّ— )
Shadda is to some extent similar to sukun. A letter under the sign of Shadda is equal to two identical letters, of which the first one is without any vowel and the second has vowel, therefore it should be represented with dash sign.
Example: ثَـبِّـِت = THAB-BIT
In some special cases such as اَللّٰـهُـمَّ Allahumma,مُـحَــمَّـد Muhammad and perhaps some other cases, two letters shall be written consecutively without any dash sign.
3- Madd ( ˜ )
A letter under the sign of Madd, shall be repeated three times and usually a Dash sign is written after the third letter.
Example:
ﺂ or آ in the middle of a word like: بَرآءَة = AAA-
(In some cases, Dash sign is not written at the end)
4- Vowels and consonants
ﺎ or آ (at the beginning of a word like آخِرَة) = AA
(In some cases, especially when the letter (آ) is in the beginning of a word, a Dash sign is added to the end)
اَ ، -َ ، ءَ = A
اِ ، -ِ ، ءِ = I
اُ ، -ُ ، ءُ = U
-َءْ = A’– (Example : بَـأْسَـــآءِ = BA’–SAAA-I )
-ِءْ = I’– (Example: جِـئْـنـا = JI’–NAA )
-ُءْ = U’– (Example: مُـؤمِـنُـیِن = MU’–MINEEN )
-ْءْ = ’- (Example: شَــیْءْ = SHAY’-)
عَ = A’ (Example: عَـظِـیم = A’Z’EEM )
عِ = I’ (Example: عِـلْـم = I’L-M )
عُ = U’ (Example: عُـبِـدَ = U’BIDA )
عَـا = A’A (Example: عَـاشُـورَا = A’A-SHOORAA )
(In some cases it is followed by a Dash sign)
عِـي = E’E (Example: سَـاعِـیـر = SAA-E’ER )
(In some cases it is followed by a Dash sign)
-ُﻮ = OO (Example: عَـاشُـورَا = A’ASHOORAA )
-ِي = EE (Example: جَـمِـیعِ = JAMEE-I’ )
-َعْ = AA’- (Example: لِــيَـعْــقُـوبَ = LI-YAA’-QOOBA)
-ِعْ = IA’- (Example: رَابِــعْ = RAABIA’- )
-ُعْ = UA’- (Example: یُـعْـطِـي = YUA’-T’EE )
ت ، ة = T ط = T’
ه = H ح = H’
ق = Q غ = GH
س = S ص = S’ ث = TH
ز = Z ظ = Z’ ض = Z” ذ = D’
خ = KH
ش = SH
و = W